Dengue

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Dengue: A Growing Global Health Concern

Introduction
Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral infection that affects millions of people worldwide every year. Caused by the dengue virus (DENV), it is transmitted primarily by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. With no specific antiviral treatment and growing incidence rates, dengue has become a significant public health challenge, especially in tropical and subtropical regions.

Causes and Transmission
Dengue is caused by four distinct but closely related viruses (DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4). A person can be infected by all four types during their lifetime. The virus is spread when a mosquito bites an infected person and then bites someone else. Outbreaks are common in urban and semi-urban areas where mosquito breeding sites are abundant.

Symptoms
Symptoms usually begin 4–10 days after the mosquito bite and include:

• High fever
• Severe headache
• Pain behind the eyes
• Joint and muscle pain
• Skin rash
• Nausea and vomiting
  In severe cases, dengue can lead to dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome, both of which can be life-threatening.

Diagnosis and Treatment
Dengue is diagnosed through blood tests that detect the virus or antibodies. There is no specific cure; treatment focuses on relieving symptoms. Rest, hydration, and fever reducers like acetaminophen are recommended. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be avoided due to the risk of bleeding.

Prevention
Preventing mosquito bites is the most effective way to avoid dengue. Key measures include:

• Using insect repellents
• Wearing long-sleeved clothing
• Using mosquito nets
• Eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed
  Some countries have introduced a dengue vaccine (Dengvaxia), but its use is limited based on prior exposure to the virus and age groups.

Conclusion
Dengue continues to pose a serious threat in many parts of the world. Increased awareness, community participation in mosquito control, and ongoing research into vaccines and treatments are vital in the fight against dengue.