Chronic Kidney Disease

 

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): 

Introduction
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a long-term condition characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time. The kidneys play a critical role in filtering waste products and excess fluids from the blood, regulating blood pressure, and maintaining electrolyte balance.

Causes
CKD can result from a variety of underlying conditions. The most common causes include:

• Diabetes mellitus
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Glomerulonephritis
• Polycystic kidney disease
• Prolonged obstruction of the urinary tract

Stages
CKD is classified into five stages based on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR):

• Stage 1: Kidney damage with normal or increased GFR (≥90 mL/min/1.73 m²)
• Stage 2: Mild decrease in GFR (60–89)
• Stage 3: Moderate decrease in GFR (30–59)
• Stage 4: Severe decrease in GFR (15–29)
• Stage 5: Kidney failure (GFR <15), also known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

Symptoms
CKD often progresses silently in early stages. As the disease advances, symptoms may include:

• Fatigue
• Swelling in the legs or ankles
• Nausea and vomiting
• Loss of appetite
• Changes in urination patterns
• Shortness of breath

Diagnosis
CKD is diagnosed through:

• Blood tests (e.g., serum creatinine, estimated GFR)
• Urine tests (e.g., proteinuria or albuminuria)
• Imaging studies (e.g., ultrasound)
• Kidney biopsy in some cases

Treatment
There is no cure for CKD, but treatment focuses on slowing its progression and managing symptoms:

• Lifestyle modifications: Low-sodium, low-protein diet, exercise, smoking cessation
• Medications: To control blood pressure, blood sugar, and cholesterol
• Dialysis or kidney transplant in end-stage kidney failure

Prevention
CKD can be prevented or delayed by managing risk factors such as diabetes and hypertension, maintaining a healthy lifestyle, and undergoing regular medical checkups.

Conclusion
CKD is a serious health issue with growing global prevalence. Early detection and proper management are crucial to improving quality of life and reducing the risk of complications.